Keeb kwm
Buildings have been built in one place and reassembled in another throughout history. This was especially true for mobile activities, or for new settlements. Elmina Castle, the first qhev fort in West Africa, was also the first European prefabricated building in Sub-saharan Africa.1: 93 In North America, in 1624 ib tug thawj lub tsev at Cape Ann was probably partially prefabricated, and was rapidly disassembled and moved at least once. John Rollo described in 1801 earlier use of portable hospital buildings in the West Indies.2 Possibly the first advertised prefab house was the "Manning cottage". A London carpenter, Henry Manning, constructed a house that was built in components, then shipped and assembled by British emigrants. This was published at the time (advertisement, South Australian Record, 1837) and a few still stand in Australia.3 One such is the Cov Phooj Ywg Sib Ntsib, Adelaide.45 The peak year for the importation of portable buildings to Australia was 1853, when several hundred arrived. These have been identified as coming from Liverpool, Boston and Singapore (with Chinese instructions for re-assembly).6 In Barbados the Chattel tsev was a form of prefabricated building which was developed by emancipated slaves who had limited rights to build upon land they did not own. As the buildings were moveable they were legally regarded as chattels.7
In 1855 during the Crimean Tsov rog, after Florence Nightingale wrote a letter to Lub Sijhawm, Isambard Kingdom Brunel was commissioned to design a prefabricated modular hospital. In five months he designed the Tsev Kho Mob Renkoi: a 1,000 tsev kho mob tus neeg mob, nrog kev hloov kho tshiab hauv kev huv huv, qhov cua thiab lub qhov tso quav.8 Fabricator William Eassie constructed the required 16 units in Gloucester Docks, shipped directly to the Dardanelles. Tsuas yog siv txij lub Peb Hlis 1856 txog Lub Cuaj Hli 1857, nws txo qis kev tuag ntawm 42 feem pua rau 3.5 feem pua.
The world's first prefabricated, pre-cast panelled apartment blocks were pioneered in Liverpool. A process was invented by city engineer John Alexander Brodie, whose inventive genius also had him inventing the football goal net. The tram stables at Walton in Liverpool followed in 1906. The idea was not extensively adopted in Britain, however was widely adopted elsewhere, particularly in Eastern Europe.
Prefabricated homes were produced during the Rush kub in the United States, when kits were produced to enable Californian prospectors to quickly construct accommodation. Homes were available in kit form by mail order in the United States in 1908.9
Prefabricated housing was popular during the Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog Zaum Ob due to the need for mass accommodation for military personnel. The United States used Quonset huts as military buildings, and in the United Kingdom prefabricated buildings used included Nissen huts and Bellman Hangars. 'Prefabs' were built after the war as a means of quickly and cheaply providing quality housing as a replacement for the housing destroyed during lub Blitz. The proliferation of prefabricated housing across the country was a result of the Burt Pawg and the Vaj tse (Kev nyob ib ntus) Txoj Cai 1944. Under the Ministry of Ua Haujlwm Emergency Factory Ua housing programme, a specification was drawn up and bid on by various private construction and manufacturing companies. After approval by the MoW, companies could bid on Council led development schemes, resulting in whole estates of prefabs constructed to provide accommodation for those made homeless by the War and ongoing slum clearance.10 Almost 160,000 had been built in the UK by 1948 at a cost of close to £216 million. The largest single prefab estate in Britain11 was at Belle Vaus (South Liverpool), where more than 1,100 were built after World War 2. The estate was demolished in the 1960s amid much controversy as the prefabs were very popular with residents at the time.
Prefabs were aimed at families, and typically had an entrance hall, two bedrooms (parents and children), a bathroom (a room with a bath) — which was a novel innovation for many Britons at that time, a separate toilet, a living room and an equipped (not haum in the modern sense) kitchen. Construction materials included steel, aluminium, timber or asbestos, depending on the type of dwelling. The aluminium Hom B2 prefab was produced as four pre-assembled sections which could be transported by lorry anywhere in the country.12
The Universal House (pictured left lounge diner right) was given to the Chiltern Open Air Museum after 40 years temporary use. The Mark 3 was manufactured by the Universal Housing Company Ltd, Rickmansworth.
The United States used prefabricated housing for troops during the war and for GIs returning home. Prefab classrooms were popular with UK schools increasing their rolls during the menyuam boom of the 1950s and 1960s.
Many buildings were designed with a five-ten year life span, but have far exceeded this, with a number surviving today. In 2002, for example, the city of Bristol still had residents living in 700 examples.13 Many UK councils have been in the process of demolishing the last surviving examples of Second World War prefabs in order to comply with the British government's Cov Tsev Nyob Zoo Standard, which came into effect in 2010. There has, however, been a recent revival in prefabricated methods of construction in order to compensate for the United Kingdom's current housing shortage.xav tau kev sau ntawv
Prefab thiab niaj hnub txav
Architects tau koom nrog cov qauv tsim niaj hnub rau hauv cov tsev prefabricated niaj hnub no. Prefab vaj tsev yuav tsum tsis txhob muab piv rau lub tsev txawb hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tsos, tab sis rau qhov kev tsim qauv niaj hnub.14 There has also been an increase in the use of "green" materials in the construction of these prefab houses. Consumers can easily select between different environmentally friendly finishes and wall systems. Since these homes are built in parts, it is easy for a home owner to add additional rooms or even solar panels to the roofs. Many prefab houses can be customized to the client's specific location and climate, making prefab homes much more flexible and modern than before.
There is a zeitgeist or sib in architectural circles and the spirit of the age favors the small carbon footprint of "prefab".
Kev ua tau zoo
The process of building pre-fabricated buildings has become so efficient in China that a builder in Changsha built a ten-pem tsev building in 28 hours and 45 minutes.15 16
Nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws communist
Many eastern European countries had suffered physical damage during Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II and their economies were in a very poor state. There was a need to reconstruct cities which had been severely damaged due to the war. For example, Warsaw had been practically razed to the ground under the planned destruction of Warsaw by German forces after the 1944 Warsaw Uprising. The centre of Dresden, Lub teb chaws Yelemees, tau raug puas tsuaj tag nrho los ntawm 1945 Allied bombardment. Stalingrad tau raug puas tsuaj loj heev thiab tsuas yog ib qho me me ntawm cov qauv raug tso tseg.
Prefabricated buildings served as an inexpensive and quick way to alleviate the massive housing shortages associated with the wartime destruction and large-scale kev lag luam hauv nroog and nyob deb nroog.
Cov tsev lag luam prefabricated
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McDonald's uses prefabricated structures for their buildings, and set a record of constructing a building and opening for business within 13 hours (on pre-prepared ground works).17
In the UK, the major supermarkets have each developed a modular unit system to shop building, based on the systems developed by German cost retailer Aldi and the Danish supermarket chain Netto.18